Thalamic inhibition: diverse sources, diverse scales. Thalamocortical circuit motifs: a general framework. The thalamic matrix and thalamocortical synchrony. Unveiling the diversity of thalamocortical neuron subtypes. Distributed modular architectures linking basal ganglia, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex: their role in planning and controlling action. Adaptively navigating affordance landscapes: how interactions between the superior colliculus and thalamus coordinate complex, adaptive behaviour. Circuits for action and cognition: a view from the superior colliculus. Consciousness without a cerebral cortex: a challenge for neuroscience and medicine. Thalamic neuromodulation and its implications for executive networks. Cholinergic and noradrenergic modulation of thalamocortical processing. The thalamus integrates the macrosystems of the brain to facilitate complex, adaptive brain network dynamics. Corticocentric myopia: old bias in new cognitive sciences. Subcortical cognition: the fruit below the rind. The modulation of neural gain facilitates a transition between functional segregation and integration in the brain. Diffuse neural coupling mediates complex network dynamics through the formation of quasi-critical brain states. Dynamic models of large-scale brain activity. Structural and functional brain networks: from connections to cognition. The pulvinar regulates information transmission between cortical areas based on attention demands. The dynamics of functional brain networks: integrated network states during cognitive task performance. Reconfigurable task-dependent functional coupling modes cluster around a core functional architecture. Top-down versus bottom-up control of attention in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. The economy of brain network organization. Attention can be subdivided into neurobiological components corresponding to distinct behavioral effects. To this end, we highlight the role of the thalamus in shaping a range of functional signatures, including evoked activity, interregional connectivity, network topology and neuronal variability, both at rest and during the performance of cognitive tasks. In this Perspective, we argue that using whole-brain neuroimaging approaches to investigate the thalamus and its interaction with the rest of the brain is key for understanding systems-level control of information processing. Recent advances in analytical techniques and increased accessibility to large, high-quality data sets have brought forth a series of studies and findings that (re-)establish the thalamus as a core region of interest in human cognitive neuroscience, a field that otherwise remains cortico-centric. However, traditional research paradigms have struggled to attribute specific functions to the thalamus, and it has remained understudied in the human neuroimaging literature. This critical anatomical position allows the thalamus to influence whole-brain activity and adaptive behaviour. The thalamus is a small, bilateral structure in the diencephalon that integrates signals from many areas of the CNS.
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